When two balls collide you get flat spots on both balls. If you prepare the contact point properly, you can see the size of the flat spot afterwards. It is about a quarter inch for a fairly firm shot.
A little geometry will give you how much each ball compressed as well as how far forward the cue ball moved while it was in contact with the object ball. The result for each is much less than a millimeter.
You can also calculate the size of the flat spot if you know the contact time of a ball-ball collision. Wayland Marlow did that time measurement (with a fairly simple apparatus consisting of a battery, resistor and capacitor along with wires and a DC voltmeter) and described it in his book "The Physics of Pocket Billiards".