I think the closest to what you are describing (the golf bag analogy) would be in Artistic Pool. I rarely follow that discipline of cue-sports, but I do believe they have several cues (like a golfer) and will use the appropriate one for the shot.
In regular pool, it's simply not needed. The same stick is good for the entire range of shots.
Regular pool does have it for break and jump shots. One could argue for break shots, the regular playing cue is just as good.
For games without a break, such as one-pocket, the entire game is played with a single cue.