To my knowledge, nobody really knows what exactly causes birdseye. It seems to be failed bud attempts, but whether it is caused by a fungus or disease, or just a genetic makeup that causes it is an unkown. It could be as simple as a person with freckles. Everyone might have their own idea, but I work in forestry research. If it was known to foresters and scientists it was a fungus, and what the fungus was that caused birdseye, there would be entire experimental forests planted with the trees injected with the fungus to create a vast supply of birdseye maple.
There are two types of burls, one of which is birdseye burl. Burl is diseased wood, sort of a living cancer. The tree tries to heal itself through attempts of growth.
A hard maple does not have to have birdseye or curl figure. Curl figure is caused by compression growth. The curl bands show up due to changes in density of the wood due to compression. That is why sometimes when turning a piece with heavy curl you can feel the bands. The different density of the wood reacts slightly different to a cutting tool just enough to feel the bands.
One particular hard maple can have sections of it exhibiting curl (if a maple tree is growing on a slope, there might be curl figure on only one side of it), another area of the tree might have some birdseye, other areas void of figure.
Kelly