I think Maniac's post was really good. Difference between men and women:
*power
*mental game (emotionality)
*numbers (from TnJoe's post below)
I think pool is a very unique game in that physical and mental game (nerves, strategy, etc.) is are in equal parts.
I think this would make a interesting test:
*Top 5 male players and 5 top female players.
*Everyone plays everyone in 3 games with each being race to 9 (w/ different levels importance on break strength... 9/10 ball relatively important for power on break, 1pocket with relatively low importance for power on break, and 8ball or something else with medium importance of power on break).
*Keep stats on break speeds, average innings per game, average cue ball movement per game, number of safeties, something to capture the "emotion" aspect (like how many balls are made after opponent has runs of "X" balls, or after a safety), and anything else you can think of.
*For a really good test (but with no real-world validity) you could keep players behind partitions when they aren't shooting, so they wouldn't know who they are playing (male or female), only see the table during their turn. You could see if there are differences when people know they are playing same/opposite sex.
I really don't think it would be hard to figure out this data, the hardest part would be getting pro volunteers. And to get this idea to something that resembles sense rather than my ramblings
But I know that people do study sports science, so the answers are out there somewhere!