Centennials are made by Aramith
Not quite - They are both made by
Saluc, the parent company. My understanding is the Centennials are made under license as the design belongs to Brunswick and sold under the Brunswick name.
As for differences, I was told that Brunswick Centennials are supposed to be matched more accurately in a single set (in terms of weight) including the blue circle cue ball that comes with it.
Aramith Super Pros come with either an Aramith circle cue ball or the Pro-Cup "Measles" cue ball depending on which set you get.
With the exception of the cue ball and the design both the Centennials and Super Pros seem in my experience to be equal in materials, surface finish and durability. (I've owned both sets on my home table and used them on and off for 10 years) I'm frankly disappointed in how poorly they hold up in normal use, requiring regular polishing to maintain their finish. They have acquired far more chips and dings than I would like given their cost.
The other current option is the newer Aramith Tournament setup, which is made from a newer resin forumla called "Duramith". This design was originally created for the failed IPT with a custom logo cure and then rebranded by Aramith. I have not used one of these sets yet so I can't comment on whether or not this wears better than the other sets.
Below these sets are the Aramith Premiums and Crowns. The Crowns are very basic and I would not recommend them beyond recreational environments as they have lower-end materials and surface finish. The Premiums are quite good if kept well polished, very close to the Super Pros.
I've played with the Cylop balls too, including using their cue ball, and don't object to them as much as some others. Generally if I'm playing well the balls I'm playing with make no difference, I just tune it out. The main issue I have is visual, it seems weird for the surface finish of the cue ball to be so different from the object balls.
If you are on a tight budget I'd recommend the Aramith Premiums or the Cylop balls as both are currently cheaper than the Super Pros. Also make sure to figure out how to keep them clean and polished as even the cheapest set will play better this way. (There's plenty of posts on the forum about this.)