Krik
It was most likely the miss cue that did it. A really bad miss cue actually slaps the side of the tip against the side of the ball. With a really hard tip and pad, any shock or side load can fracture the glue between the pad and the end of the ferrule.
Re-attachment, like you did, is the perfect solution. The remnants of the foam core make it pretty easy to line it back up. Just re-glue it back in the same spot and it will last like it never came off.
As for the adhesives, a medium thick CA is best. CA's, or super glues, are actually strongest when they are water thin. Any additives used to thicken them up just dilute them and will weaken their strength. Impacts aren't really an issue because the load is compressing the glue joint. Think about it. Tips are glued on all over the world with CA's and they endure 10's of thousands of impacts over the life of the tip, and very few glue joints fail. Usually, a failed glue joint is the result of either some form of load or impact other than hitting the cue ball with the face of the tip, or one of the surfaces wasn't flat when it was installed.
The stuff in the middle is just that, stuff. Don't worry about it if there is a little of it missing or damaged. Just put the new tip on and go. Don't forget the Carbon Fiber pad we use on all our cue shafts. Using a typical vulcanized paper pad, or none at all, will ultimately lead to a ferrule problem.
I hope that helps!
If not, check out our website, or give us a call at the shop. 877-399-9901.
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